2.3 Achieve full employment 充分就業

2.3.1 The rate of unemployment

2.3.2 Consequences of unemployment

2.3.3 Causes / Types of unemployment (??)

2.3.4 Government employment policies

2.3.1 The rate of unemployment

 × 100%

Flows into unemployment are:

?     Redundancies & Lay-offs

?     Voluntarily quitting a job

?     School leavers without a job

?     Others rejoining the workforce but having no job yet

Flows out of unemployment are:

?     Finding jobs

?     Laid-off workers being re-employed

?     Unemployed people stopping the search for work

2.3.2 Consequences of unemployment

?     Loss of output

?     Loss of human capital

?     Increasing inequalities in the distribution of income

加大收入差距

?     Social costs (crime, theft)

?     Increased burden of welfare payment

2.3.3 Causes / Types of unemployment

6 types of unemployment:（區分）

①  Real wage unemployment 實際工資失業/隱性失業

②  Frictional 摩擦性失業

③  Seasonal 季節性性失業

④  Structural 結構性失業

⑤  Technological 技術性失業

⑥  Cyclical 周期性失業

(1)  Real wage unemployment 實際工資失業/隱性失業

This type of unemployment is caused when the supply of labour exceeds the demand for labour, but real wages do not fall for the labour market to clear. 勞動力供過于求，工資卻不下降

ü Strong trade unions 強大的工會

ü Minimum wage rate 最低工資標準

Frictional 摩擦性失業

?     Difficulty in matching quickly workers with jobs

?     Individuals will be unemployed during the search period for a new job

?     Frictional unemployment is temporary 短暫的

③     Seasonal 季節性性失業

This occurs in certain industries, for example building, tourism and farming, where the demand for labour fluctuates in seasonal patterns throughout the year.

④     Structural 結構性失業

This occurs where long-term changes occur in the conditions of an industry.

The primary cause is a significant reduction in the level of demand.

⑤     Technological 技術性失業

This is a form of structural unemployment, which occurs when new technologies are introduced.

(a) Old skills are no longer required

(b) Automation

⑥     Cyclical 周期性失業

?     During recovery 復蘇 and boom 繁榮 years, the demand for output and jobs is high, and unemployment is low.

?     During decline and recession 蕭條 years, the demand for output and jobs falls, and unemployment rises to a high level.

?     Cyclical unemployment can be long term

雙雙老師敲黑板

失業類型是選擇題高頻考點，需要精準區分，總結如下：